LBESOpen Access

Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries have emerged as a promising next-generation energy storage technology, particularly for electric vehicles (EVs) and large-scale energy storage applications. With the potential for significantly higher energy densities, lower material costs, and improved environmental sustainability, Li-S batteries offer several advantages over traditional lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries. However, challenges such as low cycle life, poor electrical conductivity, and electrolyte instability have hindered their widespread commercial adoption. This review explores the key benefits of Li-S batteries, including their high theoretical energy density, cost-effectiveness, and environmental friendliness, as well as the technical hurdles that need to be addressed for their practical use. Recent advancements in materials and technology, such as nanostructured sulfur cathodes, polysulfide immobilization, and solid-state electrolytes, are discussed as potential solutions to these challenges. The article concludes by highlighting the future outlook of Li-S batteries, focusing on ongoing research efforts and the potential for Li-S technology to revolutionize energy storage in the coming years.

Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries have become indispensable in powering a wide range of technologies, from consumer electronics to electric vehicles (EVs) and renewable energy storage systems. As global demand for clean energy solutions grows, Li-ion batteries will continue to play a central role in enabling the transition to a sustainable, low-carbon future. This review article explores the key innovations, challenges, and future prospects of Li-ion battery technology. We examine recent advances in improving energy density, cost-efficiency, cycle life, and safety, including developments in solid-state batteries and novel anode/cathode materials. The review also addresses sustainability concerns surrounding the extraction and supply of critical raw materials, such as lithium, cobalt, and nickel, and highlights the growing importance of battery recycling, second-life applications, and alternative chemistries. While Li-ion batteries are poised to remain the dominant energy storage solution for the foreseeable future, challenges related to material scarcity, supply chain vulnerabilities, and environmental impact must be overcome. Ultimately, Li-ion batteries will be crucial for powering electric vehicles, supporting smart grids, and facilitating the widespread adoption of renewable energy. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the current state and emerging trends in Li-ion battery technology, offering insights into its evolving role in the global energy transition.