LBESOpen Access

Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries have emerged as a promising next-generation energy storage technology, particularly for electric vehicles (EVs) and large-scale energy storage applications. With the potential for significantly higher energy densities, lower material costs, and improved environmental sustainability, Li-S batteries offer several advantages over traditional lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries. However, challenges such as low cycle life, poor electrical conductivity, and electrolyte instability have hindered their widespread commercial adoption. This review explores the key benefits of Li-S batteries, including their high theoretical energy density, cost-effectiveness, and environmental friendliness, as well as the technical hurdles that need to be addressed for their practical use. Recent advancements in materials and technology, such as nanostructured sulfur cathodes, polysulfide immobilization, and solid-state electrolytes, are discussed as potential solutions to these challenges. The article concludes by highlighting the future outlook of Li-S batteries, focusing on ongoing research efforts and the potential for Li-S technology to revolutionize energy storage in the coming years.