Advances in the molecular mechanisms of exercise biomechanics for interventions in adolescent obesity
Abstract
The global epidemic of adolescent obesity is becoming increasingly severe, posing significant threats to both the physical health of adolescents and their psychological well-being and social adaptability. Exercise biomechanics, as an interdisciplinary field that integrates biology, mechanics, physics, and medicine, focuses on examining the mechanical behavior of organisms during physical activity and its implications for physiological and pathological processes. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of recent advancements in the research on molecular mechanisms related to exercise biomechanics in the context of adolescent obesity intervention to offer scientific theoretical support for the prevention and treatment of obesity. In recent years, researchers have elucidated the impact of exercise interventions on the expression and signaling of obesity-related genes by modulating critical pathways, including fat metabolism, inflammatory responses, and insulin sensitivity. This has been achieved through the application of advanced technologies such as high-throughput sequencing, proteomics, and metabolomics, thereby providing molecular-level insights into the mechanisms by which exercise contributes to the prevention and treatment of obesity in adolescents. Building upon this foundation, the present paper aims to further investigate future research directions and the potential applications of exercise biomechanics to enhance the optimization and development of intervention strategies for adolescent obesity.
References
1. Obesity in Adolescents. New England Journal of Medicine. 2023; 389(14): 1343-1344. doi: 10.1056/nejmc2309715
2. Kelly AS, Armstrong SC, Michalsky MP, et al. Obesity in Adolescents. JAMA. 2024; 332(9): 738. doi: 10.1001/jama.2024.11809
3. Friedrich MJ. Rates of Youth Obesity Increase Around the World. JAMA. 2016; 315(11): 1100. doi: 10.1001/jama.2016.2263
4. Carere J, Leggett B, Galarneau JM, et al. Consequences of adolescent sport-related concussion: exploring long-term cardiorespiratory fitness and adiposity. Annals of Medicine. 2024; 56(1). doi: 10.1080/07853890.2024.2398718
5. Bjertnaes AA, Fossum IN, Oma I, et al. A Cross-Sectional Study of the Relationship Between Mental Health Problems and Overweight and Obesity in Adolescents. Frontiers in Public Health. 2020; 8. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00334
6. Bowman-Busato J, Schreurs L, Halford JCG, et al. Providing a common language for obesity: the European Association for the Study of Obesity obesity taxonomy. International Journal of Obesity. 2024; 49(2): 182-191. doi: 10.1038/s41366-024-01565-9
7. Zurbuchen A, Lanzi S, Voirol L, et al. Fat Oxidation Kinetics Is Related to Muscle Deoxygenation Kinetics During Exercise. Frontiers in Physiology. 2020; 11. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00571
8. Badawy M, Schall MC, Zabala ME, et al. Effects of age and obesity on trunk kinetics and kinematics during dominant side one-handed carrying. Journal of Biomechanics. 2019; 94: 107-114. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2019.07.016
9. da Silva WQA, Cabral DAR, Bigliassi M, et al. The mediating role of inhibitory control in the relationship between prefrontal cortex hemodynamics and exercise performance in adults with overweight or obesity. Physiology & Behavior. 2022; 257: 113966. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113966
10. Secor M. Exercise and Obesity: The role of exercise in prevention, weight loss, and maintenance of weight loss. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners. 2020; 32(7): 530-537. doi: 10.1097/jxx.0000000000000452
11. Jan C, Nfor ON, Huang J, et al. Exercise might prevent cirrhosis in overweight and obese adults. Liver International. 2017; 38(3): 515-522. doi: 10.1111/liv.13553
12. Patton GC, Coffey C, Carlin JB, et al. Overweight and Obesity Between Adolescence and Young Adulthood: A 10-year Prospective Cohort Study. Journal of Adolescent Health. 2011; 48(3): 275-280. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2010.06.019
13. Pérez-Castilla A, García-Pinillos F. Sports Biomechanics Applied to Performance Optimization. Applied Sciences. 2024; 14(9): 3590. doi: 10.3390/app14093590
14. Wang Y, Mei Q, Jiang H, et al. The Biomechanical Influence of Step Width on Typical Locomotor Activities: A Systematic Review. Sports Medicine - Open. 2024; 10(1). doi: 10.1186/s40798-024-00750-4
15. Lemos AF, Rodrigues da Silva LA, Nagy BV, et al. Biomechanical Hand Model: Modeling and Simulating the Lateral Pinch Movement. Experimental Mechanics. 2024; 64(9): 1557-1578. doi: 10.1007/s11340-024-01109-2
16. Cheng K, Zhang Q, Zhang F, et al. Biomechanical behavior of temporomandibular joint movements driven by mastication muscles. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Biomedical Engineering. 2024; 40(10). doi: 10.1002/cnm.3862
17. DeVita P. Biomechanical plasticity in locomotion with age, obesity and OA. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage. 2017; 25: S2. doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2017.02.008
18. Goh J, Goh KP, Abbasi A. Exercise and Adipose Tissue Macrophages: New Frontiers in Obesity Research? Frontiers in Endocrinology. 2016; 7. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00065
19. Tsiloulis T, Carey AL, Bayliss J, et al. No evidence of white adipocyte browning after endurance exercise training in obese men. International Journal of Obesity. 2017; 42(4): 721-727. doi: 10.1038/ijo.2017.295
20. Martinez-Huenchullan SF, Tam CS, Ban LA, et al. Skeletal muscle adiponectin induction in obesity and exercise. Metabolism. 2020; 102: 154008. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2019.154008
21. Bollinger LM. Potential contributions of skeletal muscle contractile dysfunction to altered biomechanics in obesity. Gait & Posture. 2017; 56: 100-107. doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2017.05.003
22. Mahdian ZS, Wang H, Refai MIM, et al. Tapping into Skeletal Muscle Biomechanics for Design and Control of Lower Limb Exoskeletons: A Narrative Review. Journal of Applied Biomechanics. 2023; 39(5): 318-333. doi: 10.1123/jab.2023-0046
23. Lim CH, Luu TS, Phoung LQ, et al. Satellite cell activation and mTOR signaling pathway response to resistance and combined exercise in elite weight lifters. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2017; 117(11): 2355-2363. doi: 10.1007/s00421-017-3722-x
24. Zhao Q, Li C, Xu Y, et al. Treadmill exercise supplemented by OPN promote axon regeneration through the IGF-1R/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Experimental Neurology. 2025; 385: 115096. doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2024.115096
25. Kim KM, Yoo GD, Heo W, et al. TAZ stimulates exercise‐induced muscle satellite cell activation via Pard3–p38 MAPK–TAZ signalling axis. Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle. 2023; 14(6): 2733-2746. doi: 10.1002/jcsm.13348
26. Andrade DR, Pinto KC, de Castro JS, et al. Oxygen supplementation increases the total work and muscle damage markers but reduces the inflammatory response in COPD patients. Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology. 2020; 280: 103475. doi: 10.1016/j.resp.2020.103475
27. Zabriskie HA, Blumkaitis JC, Moon JM, et al. Yeast Beta-Glucan Supplementation Downregulates Markers of Systemic Inflammation after Heated Treadmill Exercise. Nutrients. 2020; 12(4): 1144. doi: 10.3390/nu12041144
28. Powers SK, Lategan-Potgieter R, Goldstein E. Exercise-induced Nrf2 activation increases antioxidant defenses in skeletal muscles. Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 2024; 224: 470-478. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.07.041
29. Khodabukus A. Tissue-Engineered Skeletal Muscle Models to Study Muscle Function, Plasticity, and Disease. Frontiers in Physiology. 2021; 12. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2021.619710
30. Rakoczy J, Kryściak K, Drzymała-Celichowska H, et al. Biomechanical conditioning of the motor unit transitory force decrease following a reduction in stimulation rate. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2020; 12(1). doi: 10.1186/s13102-020-00208-6
31. Zhao C, Gong Y, Zheng L, et al. Whey protein hydrolysate enhances exercise endurance, regulates energy metabolism, and attenuates muscle damage in exercise mice. Food Bioscience. 2023; 52: 102453. doi: 10.1016/j.fbio.2023.102453
32. Zhang M, Alemasi A, Zhao M, et al. Exercise Training Attenuates Acute β-Adrenergic Receptor Activation-Induced Cardiac Inflammation via the Activation of AMP-Activated Protein Kinase. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(11): 9263. doi: 10.3390/ijms24119263
33. Real-Hohn A, Navegantes C, Ramos K, et al. The synergism of high-intensity intermittent exercise and every-other-day intermittent fasting regimen on energy metabolism adaptations includes hexokinase activity and mitochondrial efficiency. PLOS ONE. 2018; 13(12): e0202784. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202784
34. Pellegrin M, Bouzourène K, Aubert JF, et al. Impact of aerobic exercise type on blood flow, muscle energy metabolism, and mitochondrial biogenesis in experimental lower extremity artery disease. Scientific Reports. 2020; 10(1). doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-70961-8
35. Tanikawa C, Zhang Y zhong, Yamamoto R, et al. The Transcriptional Landscape of p53 Signalling Pathway. EBioMedicine. 2017; 20: 109-119. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.05.017
36. Xia J, Zhang T, Sun Y, et al. Suppression of neuronal CDK9/p53/VDAC signaling provides bioenergetic support and improves post-stroke neuropsychiatric outcomes. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 2024; 81(1). doi: 10.1007/s00018-024-05428-4
37. Kehl KL, Greenwald S, Chamoun NG, et al. Association Between First-Line Immune Checkpoint Inhibition and Survival for Medicare-Insured Patients with Advanced Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer. JAMA Network Open. 2021; 4(5): e2111113. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.11113
38. Kim KH, Lee MS. Autophagy as a crosstalk mediator of metabolic organs in regulation of energy metabolism. Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders. 2013; 15(1): 11-20. doi: 10.1007/s11154-013-9272-6
39. Moriarty TA, Bourbeau K, Mermier C, et al. Exercise-Based Cardiac Rehabilitation Improves Cognitive Function Among Patients with Cardiovascular Disease. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation and Prevention. 2020; 40(6): 407-413. doi: 10.1097/hcr.0000000000000545
40. Mahmoud AM, Gonçalves da Silva AL, André LD, et al. Effects of Exercise Mode on Improving Cardiovascular Function and Cardiorespiratory Fitness After Bariatric Surgery. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation. 2022; 101(11): 1056-1065. doi: 10.1097/phm.0000000000001946
41. Duan X, Liu R, Xi Y, et al. The mechanisms of exercise improving cardiovascular function by stimulating Piezo1 and TRP ion channels: a systemic review. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry. 2024; 480(1): 119-137. doi: 10.1007/s11010-024-05000-5
42. Eroglu E, Hallström S, Bischof H, et al. Real-time visualization of distinct nitric oxide generation of nitric oxide synthase isoforms in single cells. Nitric Oxide. 2017; 70: 59-67. doi: 10.1016/j.niox.2017.09.001
43. Erickson AG, Motta A, Kastriti ME, et al. Motor innervation directs the correct development of the mouse sympathetic nervous system. Nature Communications. 2024; 15(1). doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-51290-0
44. Ahn N, Kim K. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in cardiovascular disease: effect of exercise training. Integrative Medicine Research. 2016; 5(3): 212-215. doi: 10.1016/j.imr.2016.07.001
45. Anitha S, Botha R, Kane-Potaka J, et al. Can Millet Consumption Help Manage Hyperlipidemia and Obesity?: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Frontiers in Nutrition. 2021; 8. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2021.700778
46. Liu JH, Alderman BL, Song TF, et al. A randomized controlled trial of coordination exercise on cognitive function in obese adolescents. Psychology of Sport and Exercise. 2018; 34: 29-38. doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2017.09.003
47. Feng J, Wu Y. Interleukin-35 ameliorates cardiovascular disease by suppressing inflammatory responses and regulating immune homeostasis. International Immunopharmacology. 2022; 110: 108938. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108938
48. Petr M, Stastny P, Zajac A, et al. The Role of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors and Their Transcriptional Coactivators Gene Variations in Human Trainability: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2018; 19(5): 1472. doi: 10.3390/ijms19051472
49. Rackles E, Witting M, Forné I, et al. Reduced peroxisomal import triggers peroxisomal retrograde signaling. Cell Reports. 2021; 34(3): 108653. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108653
50. Christofides A, Konstantinidou E, Jani C, et al. The role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) in immune responses. Metabolism. 2021; 114: 154338. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154338
51. Staels B, Butruille L, Francque S. Treating NASH by targeting peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. Journal of Hepatology. 2023; 79(5): 1302-1316. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2023.07.004
52. Law KB, Bronte-Tinkew D, Di Pietro E, et al. The peroxisomal AAA ATPase complex prevents pexophagy and development of peroxisome biogenesis disorders. Autophagy. 2017; 13(5): 868-884. doi: 10.1080/15548627.2017.1291470
53. Nebiker L, Lichtenstein E, Minghetti A, et al. Moderating Effects of Exercise Duration and Intensity in Neuromuscular vs. Endurance Exercise Interventions for the Treatment of Depression: A Meta-Analytical Review. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 2018; 9. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00305
54. Negaresh R, Motl RW, Mokhtarzade M, et al. Effects of exercise training on cytokines and adipokines in multiple Sclerosis: A systematic review. Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders. 2018; 24: 91-100. doi: 10.1016/j.msard.2018.06.008
55. Al‐Ibraheem AMT, Hameed AAZ, Marsool MDM, et al. Exercise‐Induced cytokines, diet, and inflammation and their role in adipose tissue metabolism. Health Science Reports. 2024; 7(9). doi: 10.1002/hsr2.70034
56. Mancilha TP, Oliveira CF, Passos MCF, et al. Leptin Gene Polymorphism, Plasma Leptin Levels and Aerobic Capacity in Response to Intense Exercise. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2019; 51(6S): 504-504. doi: 10.1249/01.mss.0000562015.69910.68
57. Fedewa MV, Hathaway ED, Ward-Ritacco CL, et al. The Effect of Exercise Training on Leptin. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2017; 49(5S): 805-806. doi: 10.1249/01.mss.0000519156.44913.86
58. Asher A, Medarev S, Faal M, et al. Cardiac Adaptions to Exercise Training in Mice Lacking Adiponectin. Physiology. 2023; 38(S1). doi: 10.1152/physiol.2023.38.s1.5732869
59. Sun L, Lv Y, Tian J, et al. Regular Swimming Exercise Attenuated Neuroma Pain in Rats: Involvement of Leptin and Adiponectin. The Journal of Pain. 2019; 20(9): 1112-1124. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2019.02.097
60. Park H, Trupiano SP, Medarev SL, et al. Aerobic exercise training-induced bone and vascular adaptations in mice lacking adiponectin. Bone. 2025; 190: 117272. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2024.117272
61. Perduca M, Nicolis S, Mannucci B, et al. Human plasma retinol-binding protein (RBP4) is also a fatty acid-binding protein. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids. 2018; 1863(4): 458-466. doi: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.01.010
62. Hadjispyrou S, Giannopoulos A, Philippou A, et al. Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Sarcopenic Obesity: The Role of Exercise. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2023; 12(17): 5628. doi: 10.3390/jcm12175628
63. Shao H, Zhang H, Jia D. The Role of Exerkines in Obesity-Induced Disruption of Mitochondrial Homeostasis in Thermogenic Fat. Metabolites. 2024; 14(5): 287. doi: 10.3390/metabo14050287
64. Kras Ka, Hoffman N, Roust LR, et al. Adenosine Triphosphate Production of Muscle Mitochondria after Acute Exercise in Lean and Obese Humans. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2019; 51(3): 445-453. doi: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001812
65. Mozaffaritabar S, Koltai E, Zhou L, et al. PGC-1α activation boosts exercise-dependent cellular response in the skeletal muscle. Journal of Physiology and Biochemistry. 2024; 80(2): 329-335. doi: 10.1007/s13105-024-01006-1
66. Lin ML, Hsu CC, Fu TC, et al. Exercise Training Improves Mitochondrial Bioenergetics of Natural Killer Cells. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2021; 54(5): 751-760. doi: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002842
67. Broome SC, Pham T, Braakhuis AJ, et al. MitoQ supplementation augments acute exercise-induced increases in muscle PGC1α mRNA and improves training-induced increases in peak power independent of mitochondrial content and function in untrained middle-aged men. Redox Biology. 2022; 53: 102341. doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102341
68. Long YF, Chow SKH, Cui C, et al. Regulation of mitochondrial dynamic equilibrium by physical exercise in sarcopenia: A systematic review. Journal of Orthopaedic Translation. 2022; 35: 37-52. doi: 10.1016/j.jot.2022.06.003
69. Kim MB, Kim C, Hwang JK. StandardizedSiegesbeckia orientalisL. Extract Increases Exercise Endurance Through Stimulation of Mitochondrial Biogenesis. Journal of Medicinal Food. 2019; 22(11): 1159-1167. doi: 10.1089/jmf.2019.4485
70. Bryan K, McGivney BA, Farries G, et al. Equine skeletal muscle adaptations to exercise and training: evidence of differential regulation of autophagosomal and mitochondrial components. BMC Genomics. 2017; 18(1). doi: 10.1186/s12864-017-4007-9
71. Liu J, Aylor KW, Liu Z. 345-OR: Exercise and Liraglutide Synergistically Attenuate Vascular Inflammation and Enhance Metabolic Insulin Action in Diet-Induced Obesity. Diabetes. 2023; 72(Supplement_1). doi: 10.2337/db23-345-or
72. Ma K, Xue B, Chu R, et al. A Widespread Radical-Mediated Glycolysis Pathway. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 2024; 146(38): 26187-26197. doi: 10.1021/jacs.4c07718
73. Zeng C, Wu J, Li J. Pyruvate Kinase M2: A Potential Regulator of Cardiac Injury Through Glycolytic and Non-glycolytic Pathways. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 2024; 84(1): 1-9. doi: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000001568
74. Neeland IJ, Hughes C, Ayers CR, et al. Effects of visceral adiposity on glycerol pathways in gluconeogenesis. Metabolism. 2017; 67: 80-89. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2016.11.008
75. Kang S, Park KM, Sung KY, et al. Effect of Resistance Exercise on the Lipolysis Pathway in Obese Pre- and Postmenopausal Women. Journal of Personalized Medicine. 2021; 11(9): 874. doi: 10.3390/jpm11090874
76. Redkva PE, Miyagi WE, Milioni F, et al. Anaerobic capacity estimated by the sum of both oxygen equivalents from the glycolytic and phosphagen pathways is dependent on exercise mode: Running versus cycling. PLOS ONE. 2018; 13(9): e0203796. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203796
77. Galvan-Alvarez V, Gallego-Selles A, Martinez-Canton M, et al. Antioxidant enzymes and Nrf2/Keap1 in human skeletal muscle: Influence of age, sex, adiposity and aerobic fitness. Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 2023; 209: 282-291. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.10.393
78. Shin YA, Lee JH, Song W, et al. Exercise training improves the antioxidant enzyme activity with no changes of telomere length. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development. 2008; 129(5): 254-260. doi: 10.1016/j.mad.2008.01.001
79. Powers SK, Goldstein E, Schrager M, et al. Exercise Training and Skeletal Muscle Antioxidant Enzymes: An Update. Antioxidants. 2022; 12(1): 39. doi: 10.3390/antiox12010039
80. Farinha JB, De Carvalho NR, Steckling FM, et al. An active lifestyle induces positive antioxidant enzyme modulation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of overweight/obese postmenopausal women. Life Sciences. 2015; 121: 152-157. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.11.022
81. Chang S, Chen Y, Chang W, et al. Increase of anti‐oxidation by exercise in the liver of obese Zucker rats. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology. 2004; 31(8): 506-511. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2004.04035.x
82. Jiang M, Wang Y, Wang J, et al. The etiological roles of miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs in neuropathic pain: A narrative review. Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis. 2022; 36(8). doi: 10.1002/jcla.24592
83. Park KS, Nickerson B, Norris J, et al. Effects of Aerobic Exercise Training Intensity on Inflammatory Cytokines in Obese Hispanic Females. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2017; 49(5S): 485-486. doi: 10.1249/01.mss.0000518224.04443.ff
84. Lo K, Wong M, Khalechelvam P, et al. Waist‐to‐height ratio, body mass index and waist circumference for screening paediatric cardio‐metabolic risk factors: a meta‐analysis. Obesity Reviews. 2016; 17(12): 1258-1275. doi: 10.1111/obr.12456
85. Iyengar NM, Zhou XK, Mendieta H, et al. Effects of Adiposity and Exercise on Breast Tissue and Systemic Metabo-Inflammatory Factors in Women at High Risk or Diagnosed with Breast Cancer. Cancer Prevention Research. 2021; 14(5): 541-550. doi: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-20-0507
86. Roh HT, Cho SY, So WY. A Cross-Sectional Study Evaluating the Effects of Resistance Exercise on Inflammation and Neurotrophic Factors in Elderly Women with Obesity. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2020; 9(3): 842. doi: 10.3390/jcm9030842
87. Wang S, Zhou H, Zhao C, et al. Effect of Exercise Training on Body Composition and Inflammatory Cytokine Levels in Overweight and Obese Individuals: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis. Frontiers in Immunology. 2022; 13. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.921085
88. Son WH, Park HT, Jeon BH, et al. Moderate intensity walking exercises reduce the body mass index and vascular inflammatory factors in postmenopausal women with obesity: a randomized controlled trial. Scientific Reports. 2023; 13(1). doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-47403-2
89. Ermetici F, Zelaschi RF, Briganti S, et al. Association between a school‐based intervention and adiposity outcomes in adolescents: The Italian “EAT” project. Obesity. 2016; 24(3): 687-695. doi: 10.1002/oby.21365
90. Sgambato MR, Cunha DB, Souza BSN, et al. Effectiveness of school–home intervention for adolescent obesity prevention: parallel school randomised study. British Journal of Nutrition. 2019; 122(9): 1073-1080. doi: 10.1017/s0007114519001818
91. Caron T, Bernard P, Gadais T. Clinical and school-based intervention strategies for youth obesity prevention: A systematic review. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living. 2023; 4. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2022.906857
92. Omorou AY, Langlois J, Legrand K, et al. Impact d’une intervention en milieu scolaire sur le gradient social de corpulence chez l’adolescent: l’étude PRALIMAP-INES. Revue d’Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique. 2017; 65: S52. doi: 10.1016/j.respe.2017.03.014
93. MacKay M, Mathis S. School-Based Versus Family-Based Interventions for the Reversal and Prevention of Obesity Among Hispanic Youth: a Review of the Literature. Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities. 2023; 11(4): 2338-2345. doi: 10.1007/s40615-023-01701-7
94. Buru K, Emeto TI, Malau-Aduli AEO, et al. The Efficacy of School-Based Interventions in Preventing Adolescent Obesity in Australia. Healthcare. 2020; 8(4): 514. doi: 10.3390/healthcare8040514
95. Sgambato MR, Cunha DB, Henriques VT, et al. PAAPPAS community trial protocol: a randomized study of obesity prevention for adolescents combining school with household intervention. BMC Public Health. 2016; 16(1). doi: 10.1186/s12889-016-3473-3
96. Perrino T, Brincks AM, Estrada Y, et al. Reducing Screen-Based Sedentary Behavior Among Overweight and Obese Hispanic Adolescents Through a Family-Based Intervention. Journal of Physical Activity and Health. 2022; 19(7): 509-517. doi: 10.1123/jpah.2022-0050
97. Wei YD, Xiao W, Garcia I. Neighborhood Environment, Active Commute, and Healthy BMI in Adolescents. Sustainability. 2021; 13(15): 8286. doi: 10.3390/su13158286
98. Kumar S, Croghan IT, Biggs BK, et al. Family-Based Mindful Eating Intervention in Adolescents with Obesity: A Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial. Children. 2018; 5(7): 93. doi: 10.3390/children5070093
99. Moores CJ, Bell LK, Miller J, et al. A systematic review of community‐based interventions for the treatment of adolescents with overweight and obesity. Obesity Reviews. 2018; 19(5): 698-715. doi: 10.1111/obr.12660
100. Wieland ML, Biggs BK, Brockman TA, et al. Club Fit: Development of a Physical Activity and Healthy Eating Intervention at a Boys & Girls Club After School Program. The Journal of Primary Prevention. 2020; 41(2): 153-170. doi: 10.1007/s10935-020-00582-4
101. Boone-Heinonen J, Gordon-Larsen P, Adair LS. Obesogenic Clusters: Multidimensional Adolescent Obesity-related Behaviors in the U.S. Annals of Behavioral Medicine. 2008; 36(3): 217-230. doi: 10.1007/s12160-008-9074-3
Copyright (c) 2025 Author(s)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright on all articles published in this journal is retained by the author(s), while the author(s) grant the publisher as the original publisher to publish the article.
Articles published in this journal are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International, which means they can be shared, adapted and distributed provided that the original published version is cited.
Submit a Paper
