The integrated relationship between type two muscle fibers and aging: An update study

  • Ivelize Freire Escola Superior de Saúde Fernando Pessoa, 4200-256 Porto, Portugal
Keywords: aging; muscle system; type two fibers; denervation; exercises
Ariticle ID: 180

Abstract

Aging is an intriguing process that fascinates many researchers. This fascination is related to the impossibility of controlling time and its influence on human beings. Many theories have been studied to understand this complex process and the impact it has on the muscular system. The ability to control this influence and how to reduce the risk of falls, prevent illnesses, and improve the quality of life of the elderly has encouraged the development of many studies related to it. It is known that type two fibers undergo more denervation than type one fibers during aging, as well as the relationship between specific characteristics and their decline. However, some questions related to how this process actually happened and the ideal exercises that can enhance hypertrophy and the recruitment of type two fibers, although resistance training has been more accepted, are not clear and require further studies focused on this issue. Therefore, considering the importance of these type 2 muscle fibers in the aging process and how they impact the elderly, the objective of this study is to be pioneer in collecting recent and relevant information associated with this specific kind of fiber, show the current gaps on the subject and encourage new research to seek knowledge that improves science.

References

1. Larsson L, Degens H, Li M, et al. Sarcopenia: Aging-Related Loss of Muscle Mass and Function. Physiological Reviews. 2019; 99(1): 427-511. doi: 10.1152/physrev.00061.2017

2. Mohammadabadi M, Bordbar F, Jensen J, et al. Key Genes Regulating Skeletal Muscle Development and Growth in Farm Animals. Animals. 2021; 11(3): 835. doi: 10.3390/ani11030835

3. Ahmadabadi SAAJ, Askari-Hemmat H, Mohammadabadi M, et al. The effect of Cannabis seed on DLK1 gene expression in heart tissue of Kermani lambs. Agricultural Biotechnology Journal. 2023; 15 (1), 217-234. doi: 10.22103/JAB.2023.21265.1471

4. Mohammadabadi M, Golkar A, Askari Hesni M. The effect of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) on insulin-like growth factor 1 gene expression in the rumen tissue of Kermani sheep. Agric Biotechnol J. 2023; 15 (4): 239-256. doi: 10.22103/JAB.2023.22647.1530

5. Mohammadinejad F, Mohammadabadi M, Roudbari Z, et al. Identification of Key Genes and Biological Pathways Associated with Skeletal Muscle Maturation and Hypertrophy in Bos taurus, Ovis aries, and Sus scrofa. Animals. 2022; 12(24): 3471. doi: 10.3390/ani12243471

6. Shokri S, Khezri A, Mohammadabadi M, Kheyrodin H. The expression of MYH7 gene in femur, humeral muscle and back muscle tissues of fattening lambs of the Kermani breed. Agricultural Biotechnology Journal. 2023; 15(2), 217-236. doi: 10.22103/jab.2023.21524.1486

7. Masoudzadeh SH, Mohammadabadi MR, Khezri A, et al. Dlk1 gene expression in different Tissues of lamb. Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science. 2020; 10: 669-677.

8. Bordbar F, Mohammadabadi M, Jensen J, et al. Identification of Candidate Genes Regulating Carcass Depth and Hind Leg Circumference in Simmental Beef Cattle Using Illumina Bovine Beadchip and Next-Generation Sequencing Analyses. Animals. 2022; 12(9): 1103. doi: 10.3390/ani12091103

9. Nejad FM, Mohammadabadi M, Roudbari Z, et al. Network visualization of genes involved in skeletal muscle myogenesis in livestock animals. BMC Genomics. 2024; 25(1). doi: 10.1186/s12864-024-10196-3

10. Mita Y, Zhu H, Furuichi Y, et al. R-spondin3 is a myokine that differentiates myoblasts to type I fibres. Scientific Reports. 2022; 12(1). doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-16640-2

11. Coletti C, Acosta GF, Keslacy S, et al. Exercise-mediated reinnervation of skeletal muscle in elderly people: An update. European Journal of Translational Myology. 2022; 32(1). doi: 10.4081/ejtm.2022.10416

12. Wang Y, Pessin JE. Mechanisms for fiber-type specificity of skeletal muscle atrophy. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care. 2013; 16(3): 243-250. doi: 10.1097/mco.0b013e328360272d

13. Freire I, Seixas A. Effectiveness of a sensorimotor exercise program on proprioception, balance, muscle strength, functional mobility and risk of falls in older people. Frontiers in Physiology. 2024; 15. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1309161

14. Granic A, Suetterlin K, Shavlakadze T, et al. Hallmarks of ageing in human skeletal muscle and implications for understanding the pathophysiology of sarcopenia in women and men. Clinical Science. 2023; 137(22): 1721-1751. doi: 10.1042/cs20230319

15. Arnold WD, Clark BC. Neuromuscular junction transmission failure in aging and sarcopenia: The nexus of the neurological and muscular systems. Ageing Research Reviews. 2023; 89: 101966. doi: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.101966

16. Sieck GC, Fournier M, Prakash YS, et al. Myosin phenotype and SDH enzyme variability among motor unit fibers. Journal of Applied Physiology. 1996; 80(6): 2179-2189. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1996.80.6.2179

17. Sieck GC. Physiological effects of diaphragm muscle denervation and disuse. Clinics in chest medicine. 1994; 15(4), 641-659. doi: 10.1016/S0272-5231(21)00958-8

18. Morton RW, Sonne MW, Farias Zuniga A, et al. Muscle fibre activation is unaffected by load and repetition duration when resistance exercise is performed to task failure. The Journal of Physiology. 2019; 597(17): 4601-4613. doi: 10.1113/jp278056

19. Mendell LM. The size principle: a rule describing the recruitment of motoneurons. Journal of Neurophysiology. 2005; 93(6): 3024-3026. doi: 10.1152/classicessays.00025.2005

20. Grgic J, Schoenfeld BJ. Higher effort, rather than higher load, for resistance exercise‐induced activation of muscle fibres. The Journal of Physiology. 2019; 597(18): 4691-4692. doi: 10.1113/jp278627

21. Rebelo-Marques A, De Sousa Lages A, Andrade R, et al. Aging Hallmarks: The Benefits of Physical Exercise. Frontiers in Endocrinology. 2018; 9. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00258

22. Paillard T. Relationship between Muscle Function, Muscle Typology and Postural Performance According to Different Postural Conditions in Young and Older Adults. Frontiers in Physiology. 2017; 8. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00585

23. Rowley KL, Mantilla CB, Ermilov LG, et al. Synaptic Vesicle Distribution and Release at Rat Diaphragm Neuromuscular Junctions. Journal of Neurophysiology. 2007; 98(1): 478-487. doi: 10.1152/jn.00251.2006

24. Day NC, Wood SJ, Ince PG, et al. Differential Localization of Voltage-Dependent Calcium Channel α1Subunits at the Human and Rat Neuromuscular Junction. The Journal of Neuroscience. 1997; 17(16): 6226-6235. doi: 10.1523/jneurosci.17-16-06226.1997

25. Greising SM, Gransee HM, Mantilla CB, et al. Systems biology of skeletal muscle: fiber type as an organizing principle. WIREs Systems Biology and Medicine. 2012; 4(5): 457-473. doi: 10.1002/wsbm.1184

26. Ermilov LG, Mantilla CB, Rowley KL, et al. Safety factor for neuromuscular transmission at type‐identified diaphragm fibers. Muscle & Nerve. 2007; 35(6): 800-803. doi: 10.1002/mus.20751

27. Delezie J, Weihrauch M, Maier G, et al. BDNF is a mediator of glycolytic fiber-type specification in mouse skeletal muscle. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2019; 116(32): 16111-16120. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1900544116

28. Khosa S, Trikamji B, Khosa GS, et al. An Overview of Neuromuscular Junction Aging Findings in Human and Animal Studies. Current Aging Science. 2019; 12(1): 28-34. doi: 10.2174/1874609812666190603165746

29. Mishra SK, & Misra V. Muscle sarcopenia: an overview. Acta myologica: myopathies and cardiomyopathies: official journal of the Mediterranean Society of Myology. 2003; 22(2), 43-47.

30. Andersen JL. Muscle fibre type adaptation in the elderly human muscle. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 2003; 13(1): 40-47. doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0838.2003.00299.x

31. Nilwik R, Snijders T, Leenders M, et al. The decline in skeletal muscle mass with aging is mainly attributed to a reduction in type II muscle fiber size. Experimental Gerontology. 2013; 48(5): 492-498. doi: 10.1016/j.exger.2013.02.012

32. Tieland M, Trouwborst I, Clark BC. Skeletal muscle performance and ageing. Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle. 2017; 9(1): 3-19. doi: 10.1002/jcsm.12238

33. Brown AD, Davis LA, Fogarty MJ, et al. Mitochondrial Fragmentation and Dysfunction in Type IIx/IIb Diaphragm Muscle Fibers in 24-Month Old Fischer 344 Rats. Frontiers in Physiology. 2021; 12. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2021.727585

34. Fogarty MJ, Marin Mathieu N, Mantilla CB, et al. Aging reduces succinate dehydrogenase activity in rat type IIx/IIb diaphragm muscle fibers. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2020; 128(1): 70-77. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00644.2019

35. Lexell J, Henriksson‐Larsén K, Winblad B, et al. Distribution of different fiber types in human skeletal muscles: Effects of aging studied in whole muscle cross sections. Muscle & Nerve. 1983; 6(8): 588-595. doi: 10.1002/mus.880060809

36. Sjöström M, Lexell J, Downham DY. Differences in fiber number and fiber type proportion within fascicles. A quantitative morphological study of whole vastus lateralis muscle from childhood to old age. The Anatomical Record. 1992; 234(2): 183-189. doi: 10.1002/ar.1092340205

37. Verdijk LB, Dirks ML, Snijders T, et al. Reduced Satellite Cell Numbers with Spinal Cord Injury and Aging in Humans. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2012; 44(12): 2322-2330. doi: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3182667c2e

38. Verdijk LB, Snijders T, Holloway TM, et al. Resistance Training Increases Skeletal Muscle Capillarization in Healthy Older Men. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2016; 48(11): 2157-2164. doi: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001019

39. Verdijk LB, Snijders T, Drost M, et al. Satellite cells in human skeletal muscle; from birth to old age. AGE. 2013; 36(2): 545-557. doi: 10.1007/s11357-013-9583-2

40. Dowling P, Gargan S, Swandulla D, et al. Fiber-Type Shifting in Sarcopenia of Old Age: Proteomic Profiling of the Contractile Apparatus of Skeletal Muscles. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(3): 2415. doi: 10.3390/ijms24032415

41. Kontani Y, Wang Z, Furuyama T, et al. Effects of Aging and Denervation on the Expression of Uncoupling Proteins in Slow- and Fast-Twitch Muscles of Rats. Journal of Biochemistry. 2002; 132(2): 309-315. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a003225

42. Jeon SM, Pradeep A, Chang D, et al. Skin Reinnervation by Collateral Sprouting Following Spared Nerve Injury in Mice. The Journal of Neuroscience. 2024; 44(15): e1494232024. doi: 10.1523/jneurosci.1494-23.2024

43. Jablonka S, Dombert B, Asan E, et al. Mechanisms for axon maintenance and plasticity in motoneurons: alterations in motoneuron disease. Journal of Anatomy. 2013; 224(1): 3-14. doi: 10.1111/joa.12097

44. Schiaffino S, Reggiani C. Fiber Types in Mammalian Skeletal Muscles. Physiological Reviews. 2011; 91(4): 1447-1531. doi: 10.1152/physrev.00031.2010

45. Mosole S, Carraro U, Kern H, et al. Long-Term High-Level Exercise Promotes Muscle Reinnervation with Age. Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology. 2014; 73(4): 284-294. doi: 10.1097/nen.0000000000000032

46. Bjørnsen T, Wernbom M, Kirketeig A, et al. Type 1 Muscle Fiber Hypertrophy after Blood Flow-restricted Training in Powerlifters. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2019; 51(2): 288-298. doi: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001775

Published
2024-08-06
How to Cite
Freire, I. (2024). The integrated relationship between type two muscle fibers and aging: An update study. Molecular & Cellular Biomechanics, 21, 180. https://doi.org/10.62617/mcb.v21.180
Section
Article