The internal relationship of college students’ physical exercise behavior and related factors based on ecological model
Abstract
Background: The persistence of college students’ physical exercise behavior has an important impact on their physical health level and their positive psychological effects. The health behavior ecology model is more comprehensive and progressive than other exercise psychology theories in explaining the effect of physical activity intervention on long-term maintenance. Based on this, In this study, using the socio-ecological model theory as the entry point, applying five different levels of influencing factors in the theoretical model to the field of adolescent physical exercise behavior, The aim is to seek the internal connection between the ecological factors that promote college students’ physical exercise behavior through the investigation, so as to provide corresponding intervention strategies for promoting the healthy development of their physical fitness. So as to promote the formation of college students’ physical exercise habits. Methods: In 2023, 1015 college students were surveyed by questionnaire and measurement scale, followed by descriptive statistical analysis of college students’ current physical exercise behavior, and factor analysis of ecological factors affecting college students’ physical exercise. Results: From the behavior characteristics of college students’ physical exercise, different gender of college students in physical exercise, weekly exercise, exercise time is very significant difference (P < 0.001), the boys in sports participation higher than girls 15.2%, choose occasionally exercise boy’s ratio 10% higher than girls, girls do not participate in exercise more than boys. In terms of exercise time, a few boys choose to do physical exercise on weekends; the proportion of boys in more than 60 min of physical exercise is 7 percentage points higher than girls. In the time of extracurricular exercise, support of parents and physical exercise (P < 0.05), there was no significant difference between male and female students in the aspects of intensity of each exercise, participation in sports competition and reasons for not exercise (P > 0.05). The principal component analysis of the influencing factors of college students’ physical exercise behavior was conducted from the individual, family, school, community, and policy levels. The KOM value was 0.984, which met the judgment criteria of factor analysis. Through principal component analysis of the above five levels, according to the requirements of factors greater than 1, the individual level, family level, school level and policy level respectively two factors, corresponding cumulative contribution rate is 56.545%, 595.350%, 64.870% and 85.700% respectively, community level three factors, corresponding to the cumulative contribution rate of 76.450%. Conclusion: The advantage of the health behavior ecology model is that the comprehensive intervention strategies based on multi-level, multi-level effects greatly expand people’s understanding of the intervention. This model is applied to the field of physical health promotion of college students, to study human exercise behavior through the joint action of physiological, psychological and environmental factors, so as to more comprehensively reveal the various factors of exercise behavior, as well as the mutual relationship and influence between them. The results of this study indicate that: among the ecological factors that affect the physical exercise behavior of college students, the individual factors of college students are a necessary condition for physical exercise, while family, school and community factors affect the direction of the change and development of college students’ physical exercise behavior. Policy factors are a powerful driving force for college students’ physical exercise behavior. Only by considering the relationship between the relevant factors can we better understand the characteristics of college students’ physical exercise development, put forward the corresponding intervention strategies, and promote the formation of college students’ physical exercise habits through effective ways.
References
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2. Chinese Students’ Physical Fitness and Health Research Group. 2019 Research Report on Fitness and Health of Chinese Students. Beijing: Higher Education Press, 2022.07, edition 01.
3. Li K. Study on the status and influencing factors of physical activity in Zhengzhou. Xinjiang Normal University, 2022.
4. Wang G, Yu J, Ning L, et al. Impact of mobile APP health education and exercise prescription exercise on physical fitness and healthy lifestyle of college students. School Health in China, 2019, 40(8): 3.
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6. Li S. Effects of physical exercise on adolescent physical health. Chongqing: Southwest University, 2010.
7. Si Qi. Field application and enlightenment of phase change model. Hangzhou: Zhejiang University Press, 2012, 8: 19-24.
8. Humpel N, Owen N, Leslie E. Environmental factors associated with adults participation in physical activity. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2002, 22(3): 188-199.
9. Hillesdon M, Thorogood M, White I, et al. Advising people to take More exercise is ineffective: A randomized controlled trial of physical activity promotion in primary care. International Journal of Epidemiology, 2002, 31(4): 808815.
10. Sallis J, Owen N, Glanz K, et al. Ecological models of health behavior and health education: Theory, research, and practice. 2nded. San Francisco :Jossey-Bass, 1997:403-424.
11. Mcleroy KR, Bibeau D, Steckler A, Glanz K. An ecological perspective on health promotion programs. Health Education Quarterly, 1988, 15(4): 351–377.
12. Stokols. D. Establishing and Maintaining Healthy Environments: To-ward a Social Ecology of Health Promotion. American Psychologist, 1992, 47(1): 6–22.
13. Sallis JF, Owen N. Ecological Models of Health Behavior. In K. Glanz, B. K Rimer, and F. M. Lewis (eds.) health Behavior and Health Education: Theory, Research and Practice.465-485. San Francisco: Jossey- Bass. 2002.
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16. Sallis JF, et al. An ecological approach to creating more physically active living communities. Annual Review of Public Health. 2006, 27(1): 297-322.
17. Zhang Y, Weng X. Built environment, physical activity and health research past, present and in the future. Sports and Science, 2014, 35(1): 30 -34.
18. Zhang G. Research on physical exercise promotion among college students. Beijing Sport University, 2011.
19. Xie X, Ouyang L. Thoughts on the comprehensive flourishing social ecology and development mode of art majors in sports colleges and universities in China. Journal of Wuhan Institute of Physical Education, 2012,46 (9): 4
20. Zhang Y, Deng M, Wang M. Progress in the socio-ecological constraint mechanism of exercise and fitness behavior. Journal of Zhejiang Normal University: Natural Science Edition, 2017,40 (1): 7.
21. Ma X. Factors influencing physical activity in college students: a review and analysis based on the perspective of the social ecological model. Sports Vision, 2022 (17): 3
22. Wu M. Statistical Analysis Practice of Questionnaire - SPSS Operation and Application. Chongqing: Chongqing University Press, 2010, 5: 244
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24. Jiang X, et al. A survey of external factors affecting the formation of students’ physical exercise habits in compulsory education. Journal of Inner Mongolia Normal University, Natural Science (Chinese) Edition. 2004, 33(3): 342-344.
25. Ryan RM, Frederick CM, Lepes D, Rubio N, Sheldon KM. Intrinsic motivations and exercise adherence. International Journal of Sport Psychology. 1997, 28: 335-354.
26. Zhang W. A study on self-factors influencing community residents’ physical exercise. Sports Documentation Bulletin, 2007, (10): 5-23
27. Mao Y. A Survey and Analysis of the Factors Affecting College Students’ persistence in Physical Exercise. Journal of Qinghai University (Natural Science Edition), 1998, 16(3): 68-70.
28. Chen S, et al. A Study on Cognitive Decision-Making theory in Sports Behavior. Shaanxi: Xi’an Jiaotong University Press, 2014, 9: 16-24.
29. Holm K, Wyatt H, Murphy J. Parental influence on child change in physical activity during a family based intervention for child weight gain prevention. J Phys Act Health, 2012, 9(5): 661-669.
30. Meghan M. How can family members best support adolescents’ physical activity outside of school? A comparison of different social support strategies. J Sport Ex Psycho, 2012, 34(6): 849-850.
31. Pugliese J, Tinsley B, Parental socialization of child and dolescent physical activity: a meta-analysis. J Pam Psychol, 2007, 21(3): 331-343.
32. Jiang X, et al. A survey of external factors affecting the formation of students’ physical exercise habits in compulsory education. Journal of Inner Mongolia Normal University, Natural Science (Chinese) Edition. 2004, 33(3): 342-344.
33. Zhou C, Zhuang X, et al. The Role of Family in the Formation of Students’ Concept of Lifelong Physical Education, Sports Science Research, 2002, 6(4): 23-25.
34. Sallis J, Conway T, Prochaska J, et al. The association of school enviroment with youth physical activity. Aerican Journal of Public Health, 2001, 91(4): 618-620.
35. Zhou J, et al. A preliminary study on cultivating physical exercise behavior of college students. Heilongjiang Science and Technology Information, 2008, (19): 118.
36. Saelens BE, Sallis JF, Black JB, et al. Neighborhood based differences in physical activity: an environment scale evaluation. American Journal of Public Health, 2003, 93(9): 1552-1558.
37. Saelens BE, Sallis JF, Frank LD. Environmental correlates of walking and cycling: findings from the transportation, urban design, and planning literature. Annals of behavioral medicine, 2003, 25(2): 80-91.
38. Gyurcsik NC, Spink KS, Bray SR, et al. An ecologically based examination of barriers to physical activity in students from grade seven through first-year University. Journal of Adolescent Health, 2006, 38(6): 704-711.
39. Chen Huizhen. Study on the role of Community Sports on promoting the physical health of adolescents. Comparative study on cultural innovation, 2018, 2(30): 147-149.
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41. Jackson J. Some consequences of Participation’s Campaign in Vctoria. Review of sport leisure, 1979, 4(2): 89-100.
42. Bi Z. Effects of Sports Stars on Youth Physical Exercise in Shihezi City. Business (Financial Studies), 2008, (6): 143.
43. Estabrooks PA. Sustaining exercise participation through group cohesion. Exercise and Review, 2000, 28: 63-67.
44. Li Y, et al. Effects of Sports News Media on Sports Activities of College Students. Journal of Beijing Sport University, 1998, 21(3): 27-28.
45. Wang D. Advancing the Reform and Innovation of School Sports and Health Arts and National Defense Education in the New Era. Courses, Teaching materials, Teaching methods, 2018, 38(5): 4-10.
46. Chinese Students’ Physical Fitness and Health Research Group. 2019 Research Report on Fitness and Health of Chinese Students. Beijing: Higher Education Press, 2022.07, edition 01.
47. Li K. Study on the status and influencing factors of physical activity in Zhengzhou. Xinjiang Normal University, 2022.
48. Wang G, Yu J, Ning L, et al. Impact of mobile APP health education and exercise prescription exercise on physical fitness and healthy lifestyle of college students. School Health in China, 2019, 40(8): 3.
49. Tu X, Liu C, Dai Y, Wang C, Song Y, Jiang J, Lu J. The association of physical inactivity and symptoms of decreased resistance among college students in three provinces (municipalities directly under the Central Government). Disease Surveillance, 2023,38 (02): 227-232.
50. Li S. Effects of physical exercise on adolescent physical health. Chongqing: Southwest University, 2010.
51. Si Qi. Field application and enlightenment of phase change model. Hangzhou: Zhejiang University Press, 2012, 8: 19-24.
52. Humpel N, Owen N, Leslie E. Environmental factors associated with adults participation in physical activity. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2002, 22(3): 188-199.
53. Hillesdon M, Thorogood M, White I, et al. Advising people to take More exercise is ineffective: A randomized controlled trial of physical activity promotion in primary care. International Journal of Epidemiology, 2002, 31(4): 808815.
54. Sallis J, Owen N, Glanz K, et al. Ecological models of health behavior and health education: Theory, research, and practice. 2nded. San Francisco :Jossey-Bass, 1997:403-424.
55. Mcleroy KR, Bibeau D, Steckler A, Glanz K. An ecological perspective on health promotion programs. Health Education Quarterly, 1988, 15(4): 351–377.
56. Stokols. D. Establishing and Maintaining Healthy Environments: To-ward a Social Ecology of Health Promotion. American Psychologist, 1992, 47(1): 6–22.
57. Sallis JF, Owen N. Ecological Models of Health Behavior. In K. Glanz, B. K Rimer, and F. M. Lewis (eds.) health Behavior and Health Education: Theory, Research and Practice.465-485. San Francisco: Jossey- Bass. 2002.
58. Hovell MF, Wahlgren DR, Gehrman CA. The behavioral Ecological Model: Integrating Public Health and Behavioral Science. In R. J. De Clemente, R. A. Crosby, and M. Kegler (eds.), Emerging Theories in Health Promotion Practice and Research: Strategies for Improving Public Health. 2002, 347-385.
59. Fisher EB, Brown CA, et al. Ecologic Approaches to Self-management: The Case of Diabetes. American Journal of Public Health, 2005, 95(9), 1523-1535.
60. Sallis JF, et al. An ecological approach to creating more physically active living communities. Annual Review of Public Health. 2006, 27(1): 297-322.
61. Zhang Y, Weng X. Built environment, physical activity and health research past, present and in the future. Sports and Science, 2014, 35(1): 30 -34.
62. Zhang G. Research on physical exercise promotion among college students. Beijing Sport University, 2011.
63. Xie X, Ouyang L. Thoughts on the comprehensive flourishing social ecology and development mode of art majors in sports colleges and universities in China. Journal of Wuhan Institute of Physical Education, 2012,46 (9): 4
64. Zhang Y, Deng M, Wang M. Progress in the socio-ecological constraint mechanism of exercise and fitness behavior. Journal of Zhejiang Normal University: Natural Science Edition, 2017,40 (1): 7.
65. Ma X. Factors influencing physical activity in college students: a review and analysis based on the perspective of the social ecological model. Sports Vision, 2022 (17): 3
66. Wu M. Statistical Analysis Practice of Questionnaire - SPSS Operation and Application. Chongqing: Chongqing University Press, 2010, 5: 244
67. Lu Y. Sociology of Sport. Beijing: Higher Education Press, 2010, 92.
68. Jiang X, et al. A survey of external factors affecting the formation of students’ physical exercise habits in compulsory education. Journal of Inner Mongolia Normal University, Natural Science (Chinese) Edition. 2004, 33(3): 342-344.
69. Ryan RM, Frederick CM, Lepes D, Rubio N, Sheldon KM. Intrinsic motivations and exercise adherence. International Journal of Sport Psychology. 1997, 28: 335-354.
70. Zhang W. A study on self-factors influencing community residents’ physical exercise. Sports Documentation Bulletin, 2007, (10): 5-23
71. Mao Y. A Survey and Analysis of the Factors Affecting College Students’ persistence in Physical Exercise. Journal of Qinghai University (Natural Science Edition), 1998, 16(3): 68-70.
72. Chen S, et al. A Study on Cognitive Decision-Making theory in Sports Behavior. Shaanxi: Xi’an Jiaotong University Press, 2014, 9: 16-24.
73. Holm K, Wyatt H, Murphy J. Parental influence on child change in physical activity during a family based intervention for child weight gain prevention. J Phys Act Health, 2012, 9(5): 661-669.
74. Meghan M. How can family members best support adolescents’ physical activity outside of school? A comparison of different social support strategies. J Sport Ex Psycho, 2012, 34(6): 849-850.
75. Pugliese J, Tinsley B, Parental socialization of child and dolescent physical activity: a meta-analysis. J Pam Psychol, 2007, 21(3): 331-343.
76. Jiang X, et al. A survey of external factors affecting the formation of students’ physical exercise habits in compulsory education. Journal of Inner Mongolia Normal University, Natural Science (Chinese) Edition. 2004, 33(3): 342-344.
77. Zhou C, Zhuang X, et al. The Role of Family in the Formation of Students’ Concept of Lifelong Physical Education, Sports Science Research, 2002, 6(4): 23-25.
78. Sallis J, Conway T, Prochaska J, et al. The association of school enviroment with youth physical activity. Aerican Journal of Public Health, 2001, 91(4): 618-620.
79. Zhou J, et al. A preliminary study on cultivating physical exercise behavior of college students. Heilongjiang Science and Technology Information, 2008, (19): 118.
80. Saelens BE, Sallis JF, Black JB, et al. Neighborhood based differences in physical activity: an environment scale evaluation. American Journal of Public Health, 2003, 93(9): 1552-1558.
81. Saelens BE, Sallis JF, Frank LD. Environmental correlates of walking and cycling: findings from the transportation, urban design, and planning literature. Annals of behavioral medicine, 2003, 25(2): 80-91.
82. Gyurcsik NC, Spink KS, Bray SR, et al. An ecologically based examination of barriers to physical activity in students from grade seven through first-year University. Journal of Adolescent Health, 2006, 38(6): 704-711.
83. Chen Huizhen. Study on the role of Community Sports on promoting the physical health of adolescents. Comparative study on cultural innovation, 2018, 2(30): 147-149.
84. Start Liaoning” the 16th National Fitness Day is coming! The 2024 Liaoning Provincial National Fitness Day series of activities were launched in Shenyang [EB/OL].http://https://tyj.ln.gov.cn/tyj/xxgk/ywdt/2024080821453175100/index.shtml.
85. Jackson J. Some consequences of Participation’s Campaign in Vctoria. Review of sport leisure, 1979, 4(2): 89-100.
86. Bi Z. Effects of Sports Stars on Youth Physical Exercise in Shihezi City. Business (Financial Studies), 2008, (6): 143.
87. Estabrooks PA. Sustaining exercise participation through group cohesion. Exercise and Review, 2000, 28: 63-67.
88. Li Y, et al. Effects of Sports News Media on Sports Activities of College Students. Journal of Beijing Sport University, 1998, 21(3): 27-28.
89. Wang D. Advancing the Reform and Innovation of School Sports and Health Arts and National Defense Education in the New Era. Courses, Teaching materials, Teaching methods, 2018, 38(5): 4-10.
90. Chinese Students’ Physical Fitness and Health Research Group. 2019 Research Report on Fitness and Health of Chinese Students. Beijing: Higher Education Press, 2022.07, edition 01.
91. Li K. Study on the status and influencing factors of physical activity in Zhengzhou. Xinjiang Normal University, 2022.
92. Wang G, Yu J, Ning L, et al. Impact of mobile APP health education and exercise prescription exercise on physical fitness and healthy lifestyle of college students. School Health in China, 2019, 40(8): 3.
93. Tu X, Liu C, Dai Y, Wang C, Song Y, Jiang J, Lu J. The association of physical inactivity and symptoms of decreased resistance among college students in three provinces (municipalities directly under the Central Government). Disease Surveillance, 2023,38 (02): 227-232.
94. Li S. Effects of physical exercise on adolescent physical health. Chongqing: Southwest University, 2010.
95. Si Qi. Field application and enlightenment of phase change model. Hangzhou: Zhejiang University Press, 2012, 8: 19-24.
96. Humpel N, Owen N, Leslie E. Environmental factors associated with adults participation in physical activity. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2002, 22(3): 188-199.
97. Hillesdon M, Thorogood M, White I, et al. Advising people to take More exercise is ineffective: A randomized controlled trial of physical activity promotion in primary care. International Journal of Epidemiology, 2002, 31(4): 808815.
98. Sallis J, Owen N, Glanz K, et al. Ecological models of health behavior and health education: Theory, research, and practice. 2nded. San Francisco :Jossey-Bass, 1997:403-424.
99. Mcleroy KR, Bibeau D, Steckler A, Glanz K. An ecological perspective on health promotion programs. Health Education Quarterly, 1988, 15(4): 351–377.
100. Stokols. D. Establishing and Maintaining Healthy Environments: To-ward a Social Ecology of Health Promotion. American Psychologist, 1992, 47(1): 6–22.
101. Sallis JF, Owen N. Ecological Models of Health Behavior. In K. Glanz, B. K Rimer, and F. M. Lewis (eds.) health Behavior and Health Education: Theory, Research and Practice.465-485. San Francisco: Jossey- Bass. 2002.
102. Hovell MF, Wahlgren DR, Gehrman CA. The behavioral Ecological Model: Integrating Public Health and Behavioral Science. In R. J. De Clemente, R. A. Crosby, and M. Kegler (eds.), Emerging Theories in Health Promotion Practice and Research: Strategies for Improving Public Health. 2002, 347-385.
103. Fisher EB, Brown CA, et al. Ecologic Approaches to Self-management: The Case of Diabetes. American Journal of Public Health, 2005, 95(9), 1523-1535.
104. Sallis JF, et al. An ecological approach to creating more physically active living communities. Annual Review of Public Health. 2006, 27(1): 297-322.
105. Zhang Y, Weng X. Built environment, physical activity and health research past, present and in the future. Sports and Science, 2014, 35(1): 30 -34.
106. Zhang G. Research on physical exercise promotion among college students. Beijing Sport University, 2011.
107. Xie X, Ouyang L. Thoughts on the comprehensive flourishing social ecology and development mode of art majors in sports colleges and universities in China. Journal of Wuhan Institute of Physical Education, 2012,46 (9): 4
108. Zhang Y, Deng M, Wang M. Progress in the socio-ecological constraint mechanism of exercise and fitness behavior. Journal of Zhejiang Normal University: Natural Science Edition, 2017,40 (1): 7.
109. Ma X. Factors influencing physical activity in college students: a review and analysis based on the perspective of the social ecological model. Sports Vision, 2022 (17): 3
110. Wu M. Statistical Analysis Practice of Questionnaire - SPSS Operation and Application. Chongqing: Chongqing University Press, 2010, 5: 244
111. Lu Y. Sociology of Sport. Beijing: Higher Education Press, 2010, 92.
112. Jiang X, et al. A survey of external factors affecting the formation of students’ physical exercise habits in compulsory education. Journal of Inner Mongolia Normal University, Natural Science (Chinese) Edition. 2004, 33(3): 342-344.
113. Ryan RM, Frederick CM, Lepes D, Rubio N, Sheldon KM. Intrinsic motivations and exercise adherence. International Journal of Sport Psychology. 1997, 28: 335-354.
114. Zhang W. A study on self-factors influencing community residents’ physical exercise. Sports Documentation Bulletin, 2007, (10): 5-23
115. Mao Y. A Survey and Analysis of the Factors Affecting College Students’ persistence in Physical Exercise. Journal of Qinghai University (Natural Science Edition), 1998, 16(3): 68-70.
116. Chen S, et al. A Study on Cognitive Decision-Making theory in Sports Behavior. Shaanxi: Xi’an Jiaotong University Press, 2014, 9: 16-24.
117. Holm K, Wyatt H, Murphy J. Parental influence on child change in physical activity during a family based intervention for child weight gain prevention. J Phys Act Health, 2012, 9(5): 661-669.
118. Meghan M. How can family members best support adolescents’ physical activity outside of school? A comparison of different social support strategies. J Sport Ex Psycho, 2012, 34(6): 849-850.
119. Pugliese J, Tinsley B, Parental socialization of child and dolescent physical activity: a meta-analysis. J Pam Psychol, 2007, 21(3): 331-343.
120. Jiang X, et al. A survey of external factors affecting the formation of students’ physical exercise habits in compulsory education. Journal of Inner Mongolia Normal University, Natural Science (Chinese) Edition. 2004, 33(3): 342-344.
121. Zhou C, Zhuang X, et al. The Role of Family in the Formation of Students’ Concept of Lifelong Physical Education, Sports Science Research, 2002, 6(4): 23-25.
122. Sallis J, Conway T, Prochaska J, et al. The association of school enviroment with youth physical activity. Aerican Journal of Public Health, 2001, 91(4): 618-620.
123. Zhou J, et al. A preliminary study on cultivating physical exercise behavior of college students. Heilongjiang Science and Technology Information, 2008, (19): 118.
124. Saelens BE, Sallis JF, Black JB, et al. Neighborhood based differences in physical activity: an environment scale evaluation. American Journal of Public Health, 2003, 93(9): 1552-1558.
125. Saelens BE, Sallis JF, Frank LD. Environmental correlates of walking and cycling: findings from the transportation, urban design, and planning literature. Annals of behavioral medicine, 2003, 25(2): 80-91.
126. Gyurcsik NC, Spink KS, Bray SR, et al. An ecologically based examination of barriers to physical activity in students from grade seven through first-year University. Journal of Adolescent Health, 2006, 38(6): 704-711.
127. Chen Huizhen. Study on the role of Community Sports on promoting the physical health of adolescents. Comparative study on cultural innovation, 2018, 2(30): 147-149.
128. Start Liaoning” the 16th National Fitness Day is coming! The 2024 Liaoning Provincial National Fitness Day series of activities were launched in Shenyang [EB/OL].http://https://tyj.ln.gov.cn/tyj/xxgk/ywdt/2024080821453175100/index.shtml.
129. Jackson J. Some consequences of Participation’s Campaign in Vctoria. Review of sport leisure, 1979, 4(2): 89-100.
130. Bi Z. Effects of Sports Stars on Youth Physical Exercise in Shihezi City. Business (Financial Studies), 2008, (6): 143.
131. Estabrooks PA. Sustaining exercise participation through group cohesion. Exercise and Review, 2000, 28: 63-67.
132. Li Y, et al. Effects of Sports News Media on Sports Activities of College Students. Journal of Beijing Sport University, 1998, 21(3): 27-28.
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